The efficient and reliable operation of mining belt conveyor has a significant impact on the productivity of coal mine. In order to ensure the safe operation of the belt conveyor, it is necessary to monitor the whole line of the belt conveyor. A rail-type inspection robot is designed to realize the real-time monitoring of the temperature, dust concentration, and deflection of the belt conveyor in the coal processing plant. Firstly, according to the actual working environment of the belt conveyor in the coal processing plant, the functional requirements and technical specifications of the inspection robot are formulated, and the overall design scheme of the inspection robot is proposed. Secondly, PLC programming was used to realize the automatic control of the robot and the uploading of sensor data. Lastly, DeepLapV3+ model was used to realize the runout monitoring of the belt. Experiments verified the effectiveness of the robot.