The belt conveyor of the coal conveyor system often occurs all kinds of accidents during the long-term operation, and there is a great safety hidden danger. A rail-type inspection robot is studied to realize the monitoring of the belt conveyor. Firstly, according to the actual working environment of the belt conveyor and the functional requirements and technical indexes of the inspection work, the mechanical structure design of the inspection robot body is completed. Secondly, the drive motor of the inspection robot is calculated and selected, and the optimization design of the track is completed. Finally, the manufacturing of the inspection robot is completed and the test bench is built for testing, and the robot is transported to the coal processing plant for on-site debugging after the test is passed. The on-site verification results show that the inspection robot is in stable operation.