Coal based raw material resources are concentrated and have high carbon content, which has attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Starting from the controllable preparation and assembly, energy storage mechanism, optimization and improvement of performance of coal based carbon materials, systematic research has been carried out, and a new strategy for the universal synthesis of new structure oriented templates has been proposed and developed, achieving precise construction of a series of mesoscale coal based new carbon materials; In response to the difficulty in balancing the electrochemical storage capacity and stability of high defect carbon, self template technology is used to achieve in-situ defect selective modulation and ordered disordered synergistic engineering of carbon, in order to improve its alkali metal ion storage capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability.