The Yangtze River Basin is one of the most important river systems in China. The rational distribution and efficient use of water resources is not only the lifeline of regional economic development, but also the cornerstone of ecological balance and environmental protection in the basin. Facing the realistic challenges of increasing global water shortage and increasing environmental pressure, it has become an urgent mission and a major issue entrusted to us by The Times. Through the methods of literature analysis, comparative analysis and logical analysis, this study deeply analyzed the current situation of water resources allocation and utilization in the Yangtze River Basin, and comprehensively and systematically revealed the existing problems and bottlenecks in current water resources management. On this basis, the paper innovatively puts forward the theoretical concept of rational allocation of water resources, actively responds to the initiative of "community of human destiny", enhances public awareness, stimulates social participation, and builds a water resource protection pattern of co-governance and sharing. Through scientific planning and precise policies, the allocation structure of water resources is optimized, utilization efficiency is improved, and sustainable use of water resources is efficiently realized.