The ion permeation was applied to the thin-walled 17Cr2Ni10Co14Mo steel, and the impact of varying compound layer thicknesses on the mechanical properties of this steel was analyzed. The results demonstrate that after ion permeation treatment, the surface hardness of the test steel can exceed 700 HV0.1; with the increase in compound layer thickness, the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and impact energy of the test steel exhibit a declining trend, with a more pronounced decrease observed as the proportion of compound layer thickness to the sample thickness increases. In addition, the fatigue resistance of nitride-treated samples is significantly enhanced, peaking when the compound layer thickness reaches 0.5% of the specimen thickness. The fracture surfaces of both tensile and impact tests reveal that the nitrided layer area exhibits brittle fracture characteristics, while the base material maintains ductile fracture properties.