Climate tipping elements are large-scale subsystems within the Earth's climate system that, once they exceed their tipping points in the context of climate change, may lead to abrupt and drastic shifts in the system's state. Notably, there are multi-scale interactions between these climate tipping elements and the global climate system. If one or more tipping points are breached, it could trigger a global cascade, potentially leading to a global systemic crisis. Therefore, studying the cascading effects and impacts of climate tipping points is a critical scientific issue that urgently needs to be addressed. However, traditional climate science currently describes and predicts climate tipping points primarily using conceptual models, which lack quantitative characterization and insights. To address this issue, we have developed methods within the framework of statistical physics, including system sample entropy, an improved autocorrelation function, an enhanced spectral function, and climate network phase transitions. These methods quantitatively characterize the teleconnections between specific tipping elements and their potential impacts on the global climate system.

tipping points, cascades, global impacts, statistical physics