Mechanical properties of single plant fiber provide a more precise theoretical explanation for their macroscopic mechanical behavior analysis. This paper described the development of tensile mechanical properties of single plant fiber in domestic and foreign research, reviewed the process of single fiber tensile test in detail, and discussed some basic principles of study about the mechanical properties of single plant fiber tensile. In order to provide information and reference for future research, the existing insufficient and outlook on the mechanical properties of single plant fiber tensile have also been proposed.