Abstract To test the application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for soil water content measurement in desert steppe region, the experiments were conducted by 250 MHz GPR to measure soil water content of different depth, compared with gravimetric method to analyze the accuracy of GPR measurement and the influencing factors. The results show that the soil water results of GPR and gravimetric method have high consistency that R2 is 0.9677 and RMSE is 0.0068 m3/m3, while high vegetation coverage to some extent reduces the measuring accuracy and high soil water content can cause the depth of soil water content by direct ground wave decreases. It is concluded that GPR can measure the soil water content of desert steppe accurately without destroying soil layer structure. This paper is beneficial to the management of land resource and grazing control, environmental restoration and the sustainable development of desert steppe region.