In the past five years, understanding of the origins and functions of microglia, the unique myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, has proceeded at such a remarkable pace that it’s as if an entirely new CNS cell type had been discovered. Since their discovery 100 years ago, it has been suspected that microglia are implicated in virtually all disorders of the nervous system. Associations of polymorphic variants of microglial genes have now proven this hypothesis. It is therefore rather urgent to engage investigators in developing a coherent account of the present status of microglial origins, physiological functions and aberrant properties in the diseased CNS. This meeting will further the objective of translating new information into research and treatment strategies. In many ways, the salient barriers in the field can be addressed by sharing fundamental understanding of complex organ systems among investigators. Microglial research is now conducted in parallel among three disciplines: leukocyte biology, neuroscience and immunology. Other interested research groups include those studying neurodegeneration; developmental neurological disorders (autism, schizophrenia); aging; neuroimmune disorders; and stroke and brain trauma. Optimal progress can only be realized by bringing together thought leaders and students in these varied disciplines around the common goal of studying how microglia are involved in processes under investigation. The program will incorporate the extraordinary depth and breadth of scientists now examining microglial biology and will highlight cutting-edge imaging and genetic technologies.